Romeo And Juliet True Love Essay Example For Students

Romeo And Juliet True Love Essay SEXUAL HARASSMENT IN THE WORK PLACESexual harassment has been a prevalent occurrence in workplace across the country. Sexual aberration can lead to damage to personal reputation, loss of dignity, or even physical injury. Although it is illegal, it continues to happen in this politically correct era. Sexual harassment has many definitions and therefore some people find it difficult to define. Many case studies have been done on the subject of sexual harassment in the workplace in such as fields as: liability, procedures and policies, statistics, civil rights, and power issue. According to (Popovich 315) and her colleagues, sexual harassment in the workplace is phenomenon. They were able to do a study with undergraduates describing sexual harassment incidents in the workplace and scripts resulted. Those scripts were then by mixed pairs of trained persons. The analysis was able to show that stereotypical beliefs were obvious, with scripts including the harassment of a younger good-looking female underling, generally a secretary, by a male that was her boss. The behaviors of the scripts had a severe to less severe behavior in different settings. Teasing was a form of public harassment that involved multiple harassers. The victim was treated unprofessional by the bantering harassers. Each form of sexual harassment script was able to show what was deemed as typical behavior, the motive of the harassers, and the response of the victim (Popovich 315). Sexual harassment has been seen as a social interaction. At one time only researchers and feminist theorists were interested in the topic. Today the topic is an organizational issue. There have been many cases on sexual harassment that was brought to the forefront and into American awareness (Popovich 315). The Equal employment Opportunity Commission established guidelines for the problem of sexual harassment in 1980 (Popovich 315). Since that time research on the matter of sexual harassment has increased steadily. In order to understand sexual harassment more fully, various surveys have been used in the research of sexual harassment. It is evidenced that one persons perception of sexual harassment is unlike anothers perception. A persons perception of sexual harassment depends on several factors to include the gender of the person rating the incident, the position of the person involved in the proposed sexual harassment incident (Popovich 315). How is an incident labeled as sexual harassment? According to (Popovich 315) and her colleagues sexual harassment is subjective in nature. This being the case, it is important to actually discover how people define sexual harassment in the workplace. Subjects have been given lists of behavior that is potentially sexual harassment in order to ascertain their viewpoint on the matter. Based on a college student poll that was done nationally, Fitzgerald and her colleagues were able to develop an instrument that reflects the types of sexual harassment. Popovich and her colleagues suggest that there are three types of factors involved in sexual harassment: unwanted sexual attention, sexual coercion, and gender harassment (Popovich 315). A better understanding may be made of the so-called phenomenon of the sexual harassment by determining the rules that people go by, and what is inferred in behavior causality. Little is known concerning the view that people consider as what is typical when examining incidents of sexual harassment (Popovich 315). Due to sexual harassment, in the court system there have been disagreements concerning the excludability of workplace losses from their general liability policies. Liability insurance has typically been limited to providing coverage for such items as bodily harm or damage to property. In sexual harassment cases, some courts have judged continuing employment as a property right. Others have taken a more conservative stance in the matter. If the sexual harassment is intentional, this act can be a hurdle that the insured must overcome. Fischer said that the entire issue can be avoided by the purchase of employment practice liability policies (Fischer B9). There has been an employment of several measures for coping with the issue of sexual harassment in the workplace. Barak stated, Although much of the effort has been provided for special legislation, proper grievance procedures, or actions for organizational change, few attempts have been made to prevent sexual harassment through the application of appropriate training procedures based on effective psycho-educational methods (Barak 595). A seminar using cognitive-behavior techniques was used to provide women with an awareness concerning sexual harassment at work. Although the majority of sexual harassment claims are made by women against the opposite sex, same-gender sexual harassment also occurs. In fact same-gender sexual harassment complaints are growing in the American workplace. The statistics are quite staggering. According to (Sipkins and Schmitt B7) Sexual harassment complaints by men have tripled since 1991 and now make up 11.6% of cases reported to the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, and many of these claims involve alleged same-gender sexual harassment (Sipkins and Schmitt B7). According to (Graziano 381) the Civil Rights Act of 1964 named sexual discrimination and granted a right for the remediation of its victims. Women have had centuries of legally and culturally sanctioned abuses; therefore, this act was a fortification for womankind. Unfortunately, however, there has been little effective action by women concerning harassment in the workplace. There has actually been little progress in the area of sexual harassment and the maltreatment of women in the workplace and in schools. Graziano said, As is often the case, laws have not always changed attitudes of employers, professors, physician, lawyers, judges, or colleagues, and the process of redressing wrongs is frequently at least as stressful and injurious to womens mental and physical health as was the original violation of their rights (Graziano 381). Furthermore, The harmful effects of the harassment or legal procedures on the recipients self-esteem, self-image, career, productivity, economic well-bei ng, and relationships are long lasting and sometimes permanent (Graziano 381). According to (Graziano 381) sexual harassments definition is a power issue. In case after case whether the woman is a physician or one that works in a factory, sexual harassment is shown to have a similar experience to rape, abuse that is sexual, and violence that is domestic, in that the women are not believed and they, as victims, are considered at fault. A sexual harassment trial puts the woman on the defensive. She becomes drained emotionally because of the lack of support for her cause (Graziano 381). According to (Desole 155) the issue of sexual harassment is a complex one. It requires a deep understanding. Sexual harassment has clear ramification, which have been seen to explode in scholarly as well as popular media. Desole posits that a great deal has been published concerning the topic of sexual harassment, yet some questions remain unanswered (Desole 155). There has been no sign of sexual harassment decreasing. The 1990s have seen a barrage of instances of sexual harassment in the workplace even though most people are aware of the problem. The court system has become somewhat responsive to the issue of sexual harassment. It is suggested that there are many instances of sexual harassment that do not reach visibility, or conclusion in the matter. Disole suggests that such critical dimensions as race, class, and sexual orientation are not substantially taken into account (Desole 155). Even though there are laws against harassment in the workplace, it perseveres as an issue that is morally degrading, hard to fight, and emotionally draining for the women involved. Several studies have been done on the issue and one constant remains clear: each person has his or her own opinion what constitutes sexual harassment. SEXUAL HARASSMENT IN THE WORK PLACESexual harassment has been a prevalent occurrence in workplace across the country. Sexual aberration can lead to damage to personal reputation, loss of dignity, or even physical injury. Although it is illegal, it continues to happen in this politically correct era. Sexual harassment has many definitions and therefore some people find it difficult to define. Many case studies have been done on the subject of sexual harassment in the workplace in such as fields as: liability, procedures and policies, statistics, civil rights, and power issue. According to (Popovich 315) and her colleagues, sexual harassment in the workplace is phenomenon. They were able to do a study with undergraduates describing sexual harassment incidents in the workplace and scripts resulted. Those scripts were then by mixed pairs of trained persons. The analysis was able to show that stereotypical beliefs were obvious, with scripts including the harassment of a younger good-looking female underling, generally a secretary, by a male that was her boss. The behaviors of the scripts had a severe to less severe behavior in different settings. Teasing was a form of public harassment that involved multiple harassers. The victim was treated unprofessional by the bantering harassers. Each form of sexual harassment script was able to show what was deemed as typical behavior, the motive of the harassers, and the response of the victim (Popovich 315). Sexual harassment has been seen as a social interaction. At one time only researchers and feminist theorists were interested in the topic. Today the topic is an organizational issue. There have been many cases on sexual harassment that was brought to the forefront and into American awareness (Popovich 315). The Equal employment Opportunity Commission established guidelines for the problem of sexual harassment in 1980 (Popovich 315). Since that time research on the matter of sexual harassment has increased steadily. In order to understand sexual harassment more fully, various surveys have been used in the research of sexual harassment. It is evidenced that one persons perception of sexual harassment is unlike anothers perception. A persons perception of sexual harassment depends on several factors to include the gender of the person rating the incident, the position of the person involved in the proposed sexual harassment incident (Popovich 315). How is an incident labeled as sexual harassment? According to (Popovich 315) and her colleagues sexual harassment is subjective in nature. This being the case, it is important to actually discover how people define sexual harassment in the workplace. Subjects have been given lists of behavior that is potentially sexual harassment in order to ascertain their viewpoint on the matter. Based on a college student poll that was done nationally, Fitzgerald and her colleagues were able to develop an instrument that reflects the types of sexual harassment. Popovich and her colleagues suggest that there are three types of factors involved in sexual harassment: unwanted sexual attention, sexual coercion, and gender harassment (Popovich 315). China The Favored Nation EssayAccording to (Desole 155) the issue of sexual harassment is a complex one. It requires a deep understanding. Sexual harassment has clear ramification, which have been seen to explode in scholarly as well as popular media. Desole posits that a great deal has been published concerning the topic of sexual harassment, yet some questions remain unanswered (Desole 155). There has been no sign of sexual harassment decreasing. The 1990s have seen a barrage of instances of sexual harassment in the workplace even though most people are aware of the problem. The court system has become somewhat responsive to the issue of sexual harassment. It is suggested that there are many instances of sexual harassment that do not reach visibility, or conclusion in the matter. Disole suggests that such critical dimensions as race, class, and sexual orientation are not substantially taken into account (Desole 155). Even though there are laws against harassment in the workplace, it perseveres as an issue that is morally degrading, hard to fight, and emotionally draining for the women involved. Several studies have been done on the issue and one constant remains clear: each person has his or her own opinion what constitutes sexual harassment. Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare Romeo and Juliet, is a story of two young lovers, whose love was destined for destruction. They did not imagine that their love would lead to the tragedies that it did. These two young people did nothing wrong except fall in love. Three aspects of their destruction included the feud between the two families, the nurse and her betrayal of Juliet and the most important aspect of all is fate. Romeo and Juliet, said to be one of the most famous love stories of all times, is a play anchored on time and fate. Some actions are believed to occur by chance or by destiny. The timing of each action influences the outcome of the play. While some events are of less significance, some are crucial to the development of this tragedy. The substantial events that inspire the conclusion of Romeo and Juliet are; the family feud, the Capulet ball, the quarrel experienced by Tybalt and Romeo, and Friar Johns plague. The feud between the two families was one factor t hat contributed to the love of Romeo and Juliet being destined for destruction. From ancient grudge break to new mutiny. (Romeo ; Juliet, Prologue, pg.2 l.3) The two families, Montagues and Capulets, had many problems. There was hate between the two families so much so that even the servants hated each other. This feud would have caused many problems for Romeo and Juliet: These two young lovers knew this and this is why they kept their marriage a secret. If their parents discovered their secret, they would have made their childrens lives miserable. Romeo and Juliet would not have been able to see each other. Both of these families were very stubborn and there was hardly any thing that would have made them become friends. In the prologue we learn that the only way the strife could be ended was by the deaths of Romeo and Juliet. Doth with their death bury their parents strife. (Romeo Juliet, Prologue, l.8) Neither the Montagues or the Capulets would have accepted the marriage. Keepin g the marriage a secret caused Romeo and Juliet to turn to other people for help. Sometimes these people gave themWrong adviceThe Nurse was one of these characters who betrayed the young couple. The Nurse who was also Juliets friend turned against her at a very crucial time. The Nurse told Juliet that it would be best if she married Paris. I think it best you married with the county. (Romeo Juliet, pg.101, III, v, l.219) This betrayal by the Nurse left Juliet alone. She was a wise young woman but it still would have been beneficial for her to have the help of the Nurse. Juliet was left on her own to make some very important decisions. I believe that if the Nurse had been around to help Juliet things may have turned out differently. Juliet had no one to turn to and ask for help. She could not have gone to her parents because they would not have understood. The Nurse was supposed to be one of Juliets best friends. Now when it was important for Juliet to have someone there, for her sh e was betrayed. A servant to Capulet, who is incapable of reading the list of guests, asks for Romeos assistance. Romeo notices that Rosaline, his lover, is among these names. Benvolio challenges Romeo to compare her with other beauties. Benvolio predicts, Compare her face with some that I shall show,/ And I will make thee think thy swan a crow. (I, ii, l 86-87) To show his appreciation, the servant asks for Romeos presence at the ball. Romeo should have considered the servants warning; if Romeo occupies the name of Montague, he shall not be permitted. Once at the ball, Romeo is searching for a maiden to substitute the unrequited love of Rosaline. Romeo happens to gaze upon Juliet, who charms Romeo. Romeo proclaims, Did my heart love till now? Forswear it, sight!/ For neer saw true beauty till this night. (I, v, l 52-53) Since Romeo declares his love for Juliet, she feels the attraction also. They believe that they are in love and must marry. However, it is a genuine coincidence that Romeo and Juli et were at the same place, at the same time. Some days after the ball, Benvolio and Mercutio are conversing, in regard to the quarrelsome weather. Benvolio declares, The day is hot, the Capulets abroad,/ And if we meet we shall not scape a brawl,/ For now these got days is the mad blood stirring. (III, i, l 2-4) At this point, Tybalt, who has challenged Romeo because of his appearance at the masquerade, enters, seeking Romeo. On Romeos behalf, Mercutio struggles with Tybalt, while Romeo, who is filled with love for his new cousin, tries to end their boldness. Before escaping, Tybalt plunges his sword into Mercutio, causing death to fall upon him. Mercutio blames Romeo and the feud for his fate. Romeo kills Tybalt, who taunts Romeo, upon his return. Romeo fears he will be condemned to death if he does not flee before the arrival of the Prince. Benvolio recalls the events that have happened, with some embellishment. The Prince declares: And for that offence/ Immediately we do exile hi m hence./ I hav an in your hates proceeding,/ My blood for your rude brawls doth lie a-bleeding;/ But Ill amerce you with so strong a fine/ That you shall repent the loss of mine./ I will be deaf to pleading and excuses;/ Nor tears nor prayers shall purchase out abuses;/ Therefore use none. Let Romeo hence in haste,/ Else, when hes found, that hour is his last./ Bear hence this body and attend our will./ Mercy but murders, pardoning those that kill. (III, i, l 185-195) Due to the disturbance of Veronas street and the losses of Tybalt and Mercutio, the Prince must penalize Romeo. However, the Prince agrees that Romeo was acting in self defense. Juliet, who desires not to wed Paris, asks for Friar Laurences assistance. The day before the wedding, Juliet is to drink the poison, which will make her appear to be dead. In forty two hours she shall awake, with Romeo by her side. Romeo will then bring her to Mantua with him. In the meantime Friar Laurence will convey a message to Romeo in M antua, telling him the plot. When she gains consciousness, Romeo and Friar Laurence will be there. Friar Laurence says, Shall Romeo by my letters know our drift,/ And hither shall he come; and he and I/ Will watch thy waking (IV, i, l 114-116) Following Juliets intake of the poison, Romeo is anticipating news from Verona. Balthasar, a servant to Romeo, tells Romeo that Juliet has passed on. Romeo, who is told there are no letters from the friar, seeks a way to accomplish his suicide. Meanwhile, Friar Laurence, confronts Friar John, who was to deliver the letter to Romeo. Friar John informs Friar Laurence that he was seeking another Franciscan, who was visiting the sick, to accompany him to Mantua. He says, Suspecting that we both were in a house/ Where the infectious pestilence did reingn,/ Seald up the doors, and would not let us forth;/ (V, ii, l 9-11) Friar John tells that he could find no one to deliver the letter, for fear they may catch the infection. When considering the dest ruction of Romeo and Juliet the most sifnificant fact you must think about is fate. Fate, above all, destroyed Romeo and Juliet. Many instances in the play reveals that the love of Romeo and Juliet would end in death. A pair of star-crossed lovers take their life. (Romeo ; Juliet,pg.2, Prologue, l.6) From the very beginning it is evident that they were destined by the stars to bad fortune. Some people may think that there is no way to control fate or change what is in the stars. It could be that the love of Romeo and Juliet was destined for death so that their parents feud would be over. Also, in the prologue it states that the dreadful course of their love was destined for death. The fearful passage of their death marked love. (Romeo Juliet, pg.2, Prologue, l.9) Both of these quotes show us that the love of these two was destined to end tragically. The masquerade party was above all the most important aspect of fate. The fact that Romeo was wearing a mask and his face was hidden a llowed juliet to fall in love with him before she saw who it was. If Juliet had known who Romeo was she would probably have not fallen in love with him. Fate could not have been changed whatever was meant to be would happen and no one could change that.

Lab Report on Yeast Fermentation Essay Example

Lab Report on Yeast Fermentation Paper The chemical reactions within yeast are facilitated by enzymes; most enzymes optimal temperature range is warm. The warmer the water, the more the enzymes are in their optimal temperature angle and the more efficiently they catalyst chemical reaction; this makes the fermentation proceed more quickly. In this experiment, the effect of variation of temperature on the fermentation of yeast was tested. If temperature affects the fermentation of the yeast, then the rate of yeast fermentation will change with the different levels of temperature. To perform this experiment the following materials were used: 3 empty, clean water bottles, 3 latex balloons, 3 rubber bands, glass measuring cup (1 -cup capacity), teaspoon, tablespoon, all-purpose flour, granulated sugar, 10 degree Celsius water, 29 degree Celsius water, 43 agree Celsius water, and 3 packets of active dry yeast. To start this experiment, each empty, dry water bottle was filled with one 1/4 ounce packet of active dry yeast, 1 teaspoon of granulated sugar, 2 tablespoons of all-purpose flour, and 1 cup of room temperature distilled water. A latex balloon was then secured on the top of each bottle with a rubber band. 3 glass bowls were filled with water of varying temperatures. One water bottle filled with the yeast solution was placed in a glass bowl at 10 degrees Celsius, one placed in a bowl of 29 degrees Celsius, and the other placed in a bowl at 43 degrees Celsius. We will write a custom essay sample on Lab Report on Yeast Fermentation specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Lab Report on Yeast Fermentation specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Lab Report on Yeast Fermentation specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer By keeping all glass bowls at their constant initial temperature, observations and results found that temperature does indeed have effect on the fermentation of yeast. The water bottle that was placed in the cold water (10 degrees Celsius) had no change after 20 minutes. The water bottle placed in the room temperature water (29 degrees Celsius) experienced change after 20 minutes; the solution slightly foamed inside the water bottle as the yeast fermented and the balloon inflated to a diameter of 21 h CM. The water bottle placed in the warm water (43 degrees Celsius) experienced change after 20 minutes as well; the solution created very much foam inside the water bottle (about 2 inches above initial solution volume level) and the balloon inflated to a diameter of 30 CM. The picture above was taken with an phone to show visual results gathered by the experiment conducted. In conclusion, the higher the temperature of the water in the glass bowl, the more fermentation the yeast had.

Holistic heal Essays

Holistic heal Essays Holistic heal Paper Holistic heal Paper Holistic health is maintaining good health by considering the well being of the spiritual and emotional factors along with the components that make up the physical body. The miraculous recovery of a patient from the hopeless condition that cannot be explained in modern medicine is spontaneous healing. The modern medicine compares physical body of a human being to a mechanical device. Man has spiritual and psychological components along with the physical body, and by simply considering the physical body one cannot give a correct explanation to spontaneous healing. The physical body is the microcosm of the universe and it has the innate ability to maintain and recover in a holistic nature. Spontaneous healing can be explained with two metaphysical thoughts. According to the first theory the psychological abilities of an individual such as courage, faith, prayer, optimism and hope play a role in the process of spontaneous recovery. (Aldridge, David, 1993). In the second metaphysical thought a mental shift allows the healing process leading to recovery which can attribute to the grace of god. The visible, felt and the observable improvement of health irrespective of the treatment given are referred to as â€Å"the placebo effect†. The treatment or the medication given to a person with an intention that its effect would be inert or innocuous is placebo. According to some the effect of the placebo is psychological, which may be due to the belief or feeling of the person that he is improving. The psychological effect has its role in one’s body chemistry. The illness may take its natural course and the person may recover, and in that way the placebo effect may due to nature. When a person needs energy, he gets that energy through spiritual healing, and the holistic health of a person depends on the treatment on the body, mind and spirit, the harmonization of which gives a good health. The benefits of spiritual healing include peace of mind, self-confidence, and the capacity to give or receive unconditional love. Mechanism of spontaneous healing    Depression, anxiety, negative stress, trauma and emotion of the patient have a profound effect on the administered treatment. It is the emotions and the subconscious acceptance of the patient for the therapy. The body has a powerful healing mechanism, the connection between the mind and body is powerful. In the mechanism of spontaneous healing, opioids are released by the patient from certain areas of the brain. These opioids are released as result of certain thought processes, and the corresponding neurotransmitters are endorphins that are powerful in relieving pain. A patient with cancer may produce more amounts of interleukin II and interferon that destroy the malignant tumor cells. Every cell of DNA has the capability to produce anti-tumor drugs that can cure the disease in a very short time which is referred to as the spontaneous remission. It is the trust, happiness and the confidence of the patient that triggers the release of these drugs. The body cell has receptors for some of the chemicals in the synthetic drugs that make the drugs work. Majority of the positive results are due to the body’s own healing response. (Andreas Moritz, 2005).   Majority of the treatments to manage the symptoms of the disease irritable bowel syndrome favor a non-drug approach. The different mind/body treatments to the IBS include hypnotherapy, cognitive behavioral therapy, and a brief psychodynamic psychotherapy. These treatments have proven efficiency in the clinical trials. (Bruce D. Naliboff et.al,, 2007) The holistic theory of cancer states that the disturbance in the information system inhibits the body to transmit the required flow information due to the blockage at a particular location in contrast to the healthy body where all the cells communicate with each other and know exactly about their function. According to this theory cancer does occurs in particular areas of the body where the person earlier had emotional problems. It is important for a patient to know that the improvement in the quality of life results in recovery. The spontaneous remission of cancer occurs through the spiritual break through, which is being more alive, an individual knowing about one’s self, realizing the talents and the way of using these inherent talents. Recovering the human character and the purpose of life with conscious based medicine will induce the remission of the disease. (Soren Ventegodt, 2004). Human mechanism for the healing process is amazing, and it is necessary to encourage this process by all the available means. It is important to optimize the healing systems by the modification of the life-style, knowing about the facts associated with the food, environmental toxins, reducing stress, using vitamins and supplements. It is important for the patient to mange illness with trust confidence and realizing one’s self.   (Andrew Weil, 2005). Many patients were successful to overcome the hopeless situations and the positive thinking helped them for a spontaneous healing process. The refusal of the patient to accept that there is no cure for the disease, seeking the help from the friends, family and relatives on the new types of possibilities, a friendship with the healthy people who are professionals, moving away from the toxic relationships and moving to new places, which are the slow but constructive changes that help the patient for healing. Considering the illness as a gift drastically improves the growth and development of the personality of the patient. Being submissive or accepting the disease instead of fighting helps to activate the immune system. (Lee.E.W, 1997). Deficiency of the studies A number of studies were done on how a person can achieve a holistic health, on a variety of methods, systems, approaches, philosophies, and movements. All these studies are unable to clarify the simplicity of achieving the total health that misguides the people in providing an understanding of the health. There is no clear explanation of the idea of the concept that we can create our own reality. These ideas are supposed to be egocentric and are based on the fears, desires and insecurities. This approach ignores the combination of outside influences and the complex interior of the human body. These methods stress that expectancy of thinking good always gives life free of pain. Importance of the study The importance of the desire for the well being of the humanity on a global perspective is appreciated. Achieving the holistic health of the human being is a problem that requires a deep investigation. The well being of the humanity depends on the inner well being and the harmony of the individual. It is our responsibility to create a better world not only for us but also for the future generations. It is the desire of the humanity to experience a life filled with joy, and pleasure that are achievable by a balanced state of metal- physical- emotional and spiritual state. Purpose of the study The main purpose of my study is to make the people understand the concept of   holistic health and the components of the holistic health with an intention to empower people with holistic health. It is the interpretation of the psychiatrists that there exists a relationship between the religion/spirituality and health. They address the issues of religion and spirituality in their clinical encounters. Conclusion: A majority of the psychiatrists stress the importance of the religion/spirituality at a functional level. Psychiatrists are more comfortable than the physicians to address the issues of religion/spirituality at the clinical settings. Future studies: It is important to study the negative emotions that inhibit to know about the inner emotions that play an important role for the healing process. There is a need to resolve the negative emotions that arise from the spirituality, which is a subconscious way of detoxification through the process of abreaction. According to one theory there is a correlation between the spiritual crisis and mental illness, and psychologists openly incorporate spirituality into the treatment process, it requires a deep study while incorporating the spirituality in the treatment protocol. There is a need to clarify on the outcome of healing and the mechanism that initiates the healing process. This study focuses on the interaction between the mind and body and non-drug approach to manage the symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome. Conclusion: It is important to recognize the concept of connection between the mind and body and including the physiological aspects in the treatment process will do good for the patients of IBS. According to this study it is important to manage the illness with stress management techniques, self-esteem, self- empowerment, mindfulness and acceptance. Future studies: The study needs to concentrate on the root cause of the disease. A data that supports the mechanism that initiates healing is required. There is a need to discuss on the thought process that initiates healing, and a need for discussion on the role of patient in desiring a change that initiates the healing process. References Aldridge, David, Ph.D.,( 1993) Is There Evidence for Spiritual Healing, Advance,The Journal of Mind-Body Health, Vol. 9, No. 4 Andreas Moritz,2005, Timeless secrets of health and rejuvenation. Ener-Chi wellness Center LLC publications Andrew Weil, (2005), Spontaneous Healing: How to Discover and Embrace Your Bodys Natural Ability to Maintain and Heal Itself Bruce D. Naliboff et.al, (2007) Mind/Body Psychological Treatments for Irritable Bowel Syndrome Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. Vol, 5(1): pp. 41–50. Lee.E.W,(1997), spontaneous healing, PLIM report, Vol.26, No.5, Soren Ventegodt (2004), Clinical Holistic Medicine: Induction of Spontaneous Remission of Cancer by Recovery of the Human Character and the Purpose of Life (the Life Mission) The Scientific World   Journal , vol. 4, pp. 362-377

Organization and Behavior Paper Term Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Organization and Behavior - Term Paper Example Functional denotes the hierarchy of functions while project denotes the incorporation of complexity unto such. Companies working on areas like project management or specialised areas work based on such organisational structures (Johnson, Scholes, and Whittington 402-403). (NordNet 349) Functional organisation structure helps in the development of different functional teams within the organisation. Knowledge and skill of the different functional groups is enhanced owing to such specialised organisation structure. This type of an organisation structure best works in case of knowledge based organisations or for concerns conducting specialised services (NordNet 349). (NordNet 353) The divisional organisation structure works based on the decentralisation functions where the entire organisational task is allocated among people pertaining to different departments. Consumer relationship activities are enhanced through such organisational structure and it also helps in enhancing the coordinat ion of people belonging to different teams. Divisional organisation structure works best for large organisations. These organisations conduct their activities operating through a large number of people spread along different geographical boundaries. Further the organisations also work to help produce a plethora of products and thus needs both specialisation and coordination (NordNet 353). Answer 2 Wal-Mart operates based on the functional organisation structure such that it works to render specialised services and products to its consumer groups. The company operates based on specialised sets of people working in different formats that focus on rendering products at affordably low prices to the consumers. Procter and Gamble is a leading consumer products concern that works based on a divisional organisation structure. This concern has several global units based in different geographical territories constituted by people belonging to divisions focusing on production and marketing. Th e product division is further subdivided into other subdivisions and also the marketing team is also divided into other marketing development divisions or groups. The organisation culture also promotes large scale interaction between the different divisions (NordNet 349, 350-351). Answer 3 Procter and Gamble through the operation based on separate divisions tends to create a competitive advantage for it to compete effectively against other competitors. The company works on separate product units focusing on sectors like infants, women and family care, fabrics, health and beauty commodities and on other food and beverage items. People working in the product units work together for the enhancement of the brand image pertaining to the different products. Brand enhancement activity of the different product divisions is conducted by linking such with the activities of the marketing development team to gain significant competitive advantage (NordNet 350-351). Organisation and Behaviour-As signment No.1, Part 2 Answer 1 To, Mr. Siddall, John Siddall (Printers) Ltd. As per the observation made a change culture can be

Fibroadenoma Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Fibroadenoma - Assignment Example The most susceptible persons to this condition are young women and teenage girls. It is diagnosed through various tests such as â€Å"mammogram, clinical breast examinations, ultrasound, fine needle aspiration and core needle biopsy† among others (Moris, 2005, p.46). Their sizes differ and ranging from one patient to another, they sometimes reduce in size or shrivel at will and can expand even more when a woman has conceived .According to Moris (2005, p.99), a bigger percentage (about 90%) of fibroadenomas are not more than 3cm in size while the remaining percentage are 4 cm or more in length. The tumour itself is oval in shape, stretchy or supple and has soft facade. It is grey-whitish and can sometimes come when soft or hard on the outside (Dabbs, 2012, p.121). There is strong evidence that supports the proposition that women who have a family history which is enmeshed around breast diseases and fibroadenoma are more likely to suffer from the same. Although the chances of suffering from this disease reduces as one ages; past menopause it is lower, a family medical history especially those girls and young women whose mothers or grandmothers suffered from breast diseases are more predisposed to this condition. It is therefore important to dig deep into the family medical history of a patient before diagnosing them with this disease. Also, a person stands a high chance of being diagnosed with these conditions if she had suffered from a breast related condition before. Patients who have ever used hormone therapy are more likely to record even bigger lumps of Fibroadenomas as it is most active during the years of female reproductions (Dabbs, 2012, p.176). Mostly, Fibroadenomas are never treated although it is monitored regularly just in case it can erupt into a serious condition. Surgery is an option though for those patients who feel totally uncomfortable with the growth on their

Sensory Systems in Animals

Sensory Systems in Animals All animals have some kind of nervous system that can receive and interpret information about its internal and external environment. Sensory organs provide a means for communication from the external environment to the internal. Sensory receptors contain receptor cells that are specialised to respond to specialised stimuli. These sensory organs may be found all over the body or in localised areas. Afferent neurons carry the sensory information from the periphery toward and into the central nervous system while the efferent neurons carry information away from the central nervous system. Sensations arising when signals initiated in sensory receptors are transmitted in certain parts of the brain, producing signals in certain parts of the brain. (Hickman, Roberts, Keen, 2009) Stimulus types possess features that can be distinguished from one another. In the body of an animal the sensory receptor cells are usually modified. For example, certain receptors detect pressure, heat, chemicals, light and even pain. The stimulus for light detection and chemical detection is different and in addition, the same type of stimulus may possess different features. This can be seen, in for example the detection of blue and red light, both being perceived as a stimulus of light. In the first part of this practical the sensory structures of a number of invertebrate organisms were studied and compared to each other. Mainly chemoreception, photoreception and mechanoreception were studied. Chemicals in the animals surrounding is detected by a number of chemoreceptors. Chemoreceptors may be divided into two main categories; olfactory (smell), which respond to airborne molecules and gustatory (taste), responding to dissolved molecules. Mechanoreceptors are made up of undifferentiated nerve endings found in connective tissue on the periphery of the animal such as the skin. More complex accessory structures have accessory structures that transfer mechanical energy to the receptive membrane. These mechanoreceptors are also able to filter the mechanical energy and they may also include the muscle stretch receptors Photoreception consists of transducing photons of light into electrical signals that can be interpreted by the nervous system and photoreceptive organs such as the eyes. These sensory structures in different animals have taken many different shapes and sizes that have been adapted to the particular environment best for them. Although quite different all the sensory structure of particular receptor has the same function of collecting information from the environment and responding in the best way possible to enhance its survival. Apparatus Light Microscope cardboard Stereomicroscope 1g-5g, 10 g, 20 g, 50, 100 g weights Pencil x3 500 mL water bath Pointed forceps heater/Bunsen to heat water Stop watch thermometer X3 5 c coins Method Refer to attached sheet Precautions The plastomounts were placed under a stereomicroscope for better viewing of small body features The same pair of forceps was used to apply the stimulus since different instruments could result in different outcomes. As much as possible the coin was placed in the sample place for all subjects since different area may have a different amount of receptors. The temperature in the water baths was measured before the experiment was conducted. This was done so that the initial temperature of the water for all the subjects would be the same. Thus the results would be more comparable. Sources of Error Due to the clothing worn the experiment of tactile response using the forceps had to be carried out over the clothing. This thus formed an extra layer that could decrease the response of the nerve. Not all the sensory structures of the organisms may have been identified. The experiments on each subject were only carried out once. More accurate results would have been obtained if carried out at least 3 times Results Part A Refer to attached diagrams Thermoreception For all 3 subjects the cold water was almost painful, while the water at 45 degrees was soothing. On placing the hand in the water at room temperature the right hand felt the water warm while the left hand (previously in the warm water) felt the water cold. Discussion Part A: Invertebrates These sensory structures in different animals have taken many different shapes and sizes that have been adapted to the particular environment best for them. These mainly have evolved from simple to more complex sensory organs that enhance the ability of the animal in collecting information from the environment and responding in the best way possible to enhance its survival. The Cnidarian Hydra, has relatively simple sensory cells scattered all over the body among the other epidermal cells, especially the mouth and tentacles. It is of utmost importance for sensory structures to be located all over the body due to the fact that the animal is radially symmetrical and can detect stimuli from all direction, including the detection of predators. The free end of every sensory cell bears a flagellum, which is the sensory receptor for chemical and tactile stimuli. The other end branches into fine processes, which synapse with nerve cells. On the surface of the animal is a modified cilia called a Cnidocil, that when simulated by any mechanical stimulation releases a nematocyst that is toxic to the predator. (Barnes Cawlow, 2002) These sense organs then lead into a diffuse nerve network, forming two interconnected nerve nets. It is of utmost importance for sensory structures to be located all over the body due to the fact that the animal is radially symmetrical and can detect stimuli from all direction, including the detection of predators. (Hickman, Roberts, Keen, 2009) From the radially symmetrical Cnidarian one can move on to the bilaterally symmetrical Platyhelminthes that is represented here by the Planaria. Here the nervous system is organised into two longitudinal nerve chords that end in the anterior of the animal. This forms an anterior head and cephalisation is introduced. (Hickman, Roberts, Keen, 2009) The Planaria, unlike the Hydra are seen to have an eye spot and auricles. The auricles are lobe like and are found on the sides of the head. The auricles act as a means of chemoreception while the eye spot serves as photoreceptor detecting light. Like the Hydra, it may also contain a statocyst for equilibrium and rheoreceptors for sensing water currents. Cephalisation allowed the animal to develop a bilaterally symmetrical shape. The animal moved forward and can detect changes in the environment with the part of the body with the most sensory organs, its anterior region. (Leineschh, 2007) The Pulmonate gastropod, belonging to the class Gastropoda is seen to further develop its sensory in the anterior of the body. In the anterior of the body the animal is seen to have paired eyes that function as photoreceptors, even though they are not capable of forming an image. Also the labial  and  cephalic tentacles  are mechanoreceptors, sensitive to tactile stimuli, and are probably also chemoreceptive.  Ã‚  Ã‚  (Hickman, Roberts, Keen, 2009) The general body surface is also sensitive to chemical and mechanical stimuli.  Ã‚  The gastropod also has a structure that acts as both a mechanical and chemoreceptor. This is seen to be the osphradium  which is located in the inhalant respiratory water current where it monitors water on the way to the gill. A common structure with the previously studied animals is the statocyst which functions as a detector of gravity. (Hickman, Roberts, Keen, 2009) The next three species studied all belong to the phylum Arthropoda, but are found in different classes. The first to be studied was the Tarantula found in the class Arachnida (order Aranea). This animal has hair like receptors called sensory setae that function as mechanoreceptors all over the body of the animal. Also, in addition they have small, extremely sensitive tactile hairs called trichobothria that are sensitive to even airborne vibrations, including sound frequencies. Chemoreception is associated with fine hairs surrounding the mouth, on the pedipalps. (Hickman, Roberts, Keen, 2009) The tarantula also has 8 simple eyes that are made up of a lens, optical rods, and a retina. Even though most only can detect movement like the previously studied animals, some are able to form images. Since the spider is more accustomed to capturing prey within webs, vision is relatively unimportant and thus in most remain simple. (Underwood, 2009) Another member of the phylum Arthropoda is the scorpion, classified in the class Scorpionida. Although they are equipped with venom for defence the scorpion is still seen to be the prey of many other animals, thus they require specialised sensory structures for detection of danger. This animal is seen to possess a unique sensory structure know as a pectine. This is used primarily in detecting vibrations which are used for capturing prey. (Gaoge Smith , 2000) This is seen to be the primary chemosensory organs of scorpions. The pectines are found in the ventral medial part of body and are seen to be paired appendages that brush the substrate as the scorpion walks. Comb-like organ consists of a supportive spine and an array of teeth. Each tooth supports hundreds of setaform sensilla called pegs. The neuronal cell layer within the teeth is seen to be further divided into inner and outer sub-larninae, comprised of chemosensory and mechanosensory neurons. (Melville, 2000) Similar to the arachnids described previously, the scorpion has sensory hairs called setae that function as tactile and chemosensory hairs. These sensory hairs are also found on the pedipalps of the animal to sense air-borne vibrations. Also, thicker setae are found all over the body to detect direct touch. In contrast to the spiders the scorpions possess six pairs of eyes as part of their photoreceptor structure. The last arthropod group to be described is the centipede, classified into the sub-phylum Myiapoda and order Centipedes. These animals are seen to possess one pair of antennae instead of the usual two paid found in other arthropods. The antennae are sensory appendages found in the head of the animal that are sensitive to airborne chemicals and also possibly humidity. Similar to the planaria, Centipedes also bears a pair of simple eyes made up of ocelli. (Barnes Cawlow, 2002) Part B: Sensory function in Mammals Mechanoreception Somatosensory system has a large number of receptrors which vary in location and type. Receptors are located in the superfial skin, dermal, epidermal and depper in dermis, and in subcutaneous tissue. Meissners corpusles are located in the dermal papillae, Merkels receptors in the dermal papillae, and bare nerve endings. Subcuateous receptors, beneath both the previously mentiones layers, possess pacinian and Rufflin corpusles. Pacinian may be both cutaneous and subcutaneous. (Wang , 2007) The Pacinian corpusles are present in the skin, muscles, mesentery, tendons, and joints of mammals that are rapidly adapting. Each Pacinian corpuscle contains a region of receptor membrane that is sensitive to mechanical stimuli and that is surrounded by concentric lamellae of connective tissue structures (Anonymous, 2007) Pressure on the corpuscle transmits mechanically through the layers to the sensitive membrane of the receptor neuron. The receptor membrane normally responds with a brief, transient depolarization at both the onset and the offset of the deformation. The mechanical properties of the intact corpuscle, which preferentially pass rapid changes in pressure, confer on the receptor neuron its normally phasic response. (Randall, Berggren, French, 1997) This behaviour explains why the sensation of the coin was lost after a few seconds. The added coin did not produce enough mechanical force to excite the Pacinian corpustle once again, thus it was not felt. The time taken for the coin to stop being felt varied from person to person. This could be due to the different amount of tissue between the skin and the nerve. The thicker the less the coin is felt and the quicker is sensation is lost. A mechanoreceptors  receptive field  is the area within which a stimulus can excite the cell. If the skin is touched in two separate points within a single receptive field, the subject will be unable to feel the two separate points. If the two points touched span more than a single receptive field then both will be felt. The size of mechanoreceptors receptive fields in a given area determines the degree to which detailed stimuli can be resolved: the smaller and more densely clustered the receptive fields, the higher the resolution. For this reason, the density of the Merkel nerve endings and Meissners corpuscles determine the sensitivity of the particular area. (Wang , 2007) From the results obtained the fingertip is seen to be the most sensitive and thus will have a high density of Merkel nerve endings and Meissners corpuscles. On the other hand the fore arm is seen to be one of the least sensitive and thus will have a small density of the nerves Besides physical contact detected by mechanoreceptors, more complex accessory structures are able to transfer mechanical energy to the receptive membrane. These most complex accessory structure associate with mechanoreceptive cells is the vertebrate middle and inner ear. Hair cells are found in all vertebrate animals including humans, and are extremely sensitive mechanoreceptors. They are responsible for transducing mechanical stimuli to electrical signals. They are found in several locations. For example, in vertebrate fish and amphibians, an external set of receptors are called the lateral line system. This system is based on series of hair cells that detect motion in the surrounding water and when stimulated produces an action potential as in the mammalian ear. This lateral line is, however, not present in mammals. (Hickman, Roberts, Keen, 2009) The ears of vertebrates perform two sensory functions. The organs of equilibrium perform like the statocysts in invertebrates that allow the animal to detect its position with respect to gravity. The organ of hearing provides formation about vibrational stimuli in the environment, thus detecting sound. (Hickman, Roberts, Keen, 2009) Sound waves enter the external ear of a vertebrate aided by the pinna and the tragus. The entire external structure has a function similar to that of a funnel, amplifying and then concentrating sound waves. Vibrations from sound waves cause changes in air pressure, which travel from the external ear, down the auditory canal, and then move the eardrum. The ear converts energy of sound into nerve impulses. The vibration of the eardrum causes the fluid of the cochlea to move. The basilar membrane containing the floor of the cochlea, and the scala media, containing the organ of corti is where these vibrations undergo the conversion to neuronal impulses. The organ of corti contains sensory hair cells, and the waves of fluid in the cochlea press the hair cells against an overhanging tectorial membrane, and then pull them away. These hair cells are just across synapses from sensory neurons, and this action provides a stimulus that opens sodium channels in the sensory cell membranes. This provides for an action potential in the environment of high potassium concentrations that the endolymph has. Auditory nerves located in a spiral ganglion carry the action potential to the brain. (Randall, Berggren, French, 1997) Invertebrates, such as the insects have ears located on their thoracic legs and are associated with respiratory passages, called the trachea. The ear tympanum has an analogous function to the tympanic membrane of the mammalian ear. Similar to a mammal, sound waves stimulate the membrane to vibrate, but in the insect, this directly activates nerve impulses. (Barnes Cawlow, 2002) Some insects also have a related tracheal system that directs information on air pressure changes, inside the insect, to the eardrum. If the right tympanum is stimulated, it will send the signal through the tracheae to the left tympanum. The delay in stimulus between the left and the right ear helps the insect locate the direction from which the sound came. Webers law states that the ratio of the difference threshold to the value of stimulus is constant. According to this relationship, doubling the value of the stimulus will cause a doubling of the difference in the threshold. As seen in the results the just noticeable difference or intensity difference for the 50 g and 100 g was seen to be constant for all the subjects. Chemoreception Vertebrates, including humans detect chemicals using general receptors and two types of specialized receptors, gustatory and olfactory. Many aquatic vertebrates have generalized chemical receptors scattered over their body surface. Vertebrates usually accomplish chemoreception by moving chemically rich air or water into a canal or sac that contains the chemical receptors. Mammals together with other vertebrate have taste receptor cells located in taste buds which are supported by basal cells. Chemoreception is much different in invertebrates than in vertebrates. For example, planarians find food by following chemical gradients in their surroundings. Their simple chemoreceptors are found in pits on their bodies, over which they move water with cilia. Insects have chemoreceptors in their body surface, mouthparts, antennae, forelegs, and, in some cases, the ovipositor. Moths, for example, smell with thousands of sensory hairs on their antennae. (Barnes Cawlow, 2002) Photoreception In vertebrates such as humans, the surface of the eyeball is made up of the sclera, a white connective tissue, and under that a thin pigmented layer called the choroid. The sclera contains the cornea which is transparent, and is where light initially enters the eye, and the choroid contains the iris which contracts and expands to regulate the amount of light entering the hole in its centre, known as the pupil. The rear internal surface of the eye is the retina, which contains the actual photoreception cells. In the retina, there are two types of receptor cells, rods and cones. Rods and cones contain visual pigments made up of light absorbing retinal molecules. (Randall, Berggren, French, 1997) Compound eyes of arthropods are image forming eyes composed of many optic units called ommatidia. These are able to detect a very small fraction of the spectrum of light that the eye as a whole is exposed to; like the rods and cones of the vertebrate eye. In compound eyes, the photoreception cells are called retinular cells, and they surround a single eccentric cell. Because the receptive field of each unit in a compound eye is relatively large, compound eyes have lower visual acuity than vertebrates. (Randall, Berggren, French, 1997) Thermoreception Temperature is an important environmental variable, and many organisms acquire sensory information about temperature from the action of specialized nerve endings known as thermoreceptors, in the skin. Both the external skin and upper surface of the tongue of mammals contain warmth and cold receptors. the warmth receptors detect an increase in temperature in the environment by increasing the firing rate transient. On the contrary cold receptors increase its firing rate transient when a cool environment is detected. (Randall, Berggren, French, 1997) These receptors are quite sensitive. Their firing rate is seen to increase the more the temperature of the external environment varies from the internal body temperature of about 37 OC. when the temperature becomes sufficiently different the patter changes for both types of receptors and the frequency of the action potential is seen to drop. The response of the thermoreceptors consists of a large transient change in firing rate, followed by a longer-lasting, steady-state phase. Other sensory structures that are not present in humans also exist. For example, snakes have thermoreceptors that are able to detect emitted heat energy. This is advantageous for them to detect warm-blooded prey. Also fish are able to use very low frequency electrical signals to communicate in murky water, thus they are able to locate each other. (Hickman, Roberts, Keen, 2009) Conclusion From this experiment it was concluded that different organisms have different sensory structures adapted to their unique modes of life. One could also not that as animals become more complex, their sensory structures are also seen to be more developed. This can be seen from the evolution of the simple eye spot in planaria to the complex eye found in humans. Not only are humans seen to be able to detect movement but also colour. However, one may also note that humans do not always possess the most advanced sensory structures. This can be seen in for example, the ability of reptile snakes to detect infrared radiation. This being absent in humans.

Learning Disabilities: ADHD Essay -- Essays Papers

Learning Disabilities: ADHD Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD) is a condition that can affect any person’s behavior and way of life. In their book, Special Education, J.Ysseldyke and B. Algozzine state that no area has experienced as much growth as learning disabilities. It is by far the largest of all special education categories. Enormous changes in the last century have changed the way society treats children with disabilities. Psychologist William Lee Heward affirms that in the 1800’s there were few public provisions dealing with adults or children with special needs. Psychologists researched in order to discover the characteristics of a person with ADHD and the effects it has on human behavior. Teachers, parents, and other people have an important role in dealing with a person who has the condition. Special education today is an area of growing interest and of continuing controversies. Full and fair access to educational opportunities was often denied to children who were different because of race, culture, language, gender, or exceptionality (Banks and Banks 293). Because local school officials did not have any legal obligation to grant students with disabilities the same educational access that other non disabled students enjoyed, many schools denied enrollment to children with learning disabilities. This exclusion had to be corrected making it necessary to make laws governing the education of exceptional children. As a consequence, in 1975 Law 94-142, Congress passed the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA). This law has changed education throughout the country affecting and changing the roles of special educators, schools, administrators, parents and many other professionals involved in the... ...o Special Education. 6th ed. Ohio: Prentice may, 2000. Kirk, Gallagher & Anastasiow. Educating Exceptional Children. 8th ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1997. Parodi, Luis M. Educacià ³n Especial y sus Servicios. Puerto Rico: Publicaciones Puertorriqueà ±as, Inc., 2002. Rief, Sandra F. Cà ³mo Tratar y Enseà ±ar al Nià ±o con Problemas de Atencià ³n e Hiperactividad. Argentina: Editorial Piados, 2000. Schirduan, V. M. Elementary students with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in schools using multiple disorders (ADHD) intelligences theory: Intelligences, schools using multiple intelligences theory: Intelligences, and achievement. Ed. D. diss., University of concept, and achievement. Ed. Diss., University of, 2000. Ysseldyke, J. and Algozzine, B. Special Education: A Practical Approach for Teachers. 3rd.ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1995.